威尼斯雙年展_中國觀點

www.labiennale.org

威尼斯雙年展 (La Biennale di Venezia)創始於1895年，至今已有上百年歷史，堪稱歐洲歷史最悠久的藝術節；並與巴西聖保羅雙年展(The Bienal Internacional de Sao Paulo)、德國卡賽爾文獻展(Kassel Documenta )並列世界三大視覺藝術展。威尼斯雙年展由一個非營利性的基金會主辦，接受民間贊助同時，也受義大利政府及國會的監督與支持。威尼斯雙年展從開辦以來便定位為“現代藝術”取向，它以國家為單位邀請參展，展覽涵括視覺藝術、音樂、舞蹈、建築、戲劇和電影六大領域。各類雙年展原先多為兩年舉辦一次，部分因受歡迎而改為一年一次，如電影展、音樂節。展覽地點遍佈威尼斯全市各街頭、戶外場地、劇場、畫廊、電影院等。


威尼斯雙年展創立於1895年，是雙年展的始作俑者。除了兩次世界大戰的間斷外，基本上每兩年舉行一次，到今年正好是第五十屆。水都威尼斯是世界聞名的旅遊勝地，城市的居民人口有限，所以這項活動主要是為了吸引國內外的廣大觀眾而舉行的，有很強的政治和商業動機。展覽場地是威尼斯主島邊緣的加第尼公園 (綠園)。園中除了最初建造了義大利館以外，在半個多世紀中，由各國陸續建造了許多國家館。這些館大小參差不齊，風格樣式各異，展示了不同國家政治經濟條件和審美趣味的區別。

威尼斯雙年展原來由於是官方的活動，所以比較傾向保守。但二次世界大戰後在左傾的義大利和威尼斯政府的寬容下，開始有了顯著的變化。特別是後來主題館的建立，由藝術總監脫離國家館之外獨立操作，逐漸使雙年展成為檢閱當代藝術的一個重要櫥窗。世紀交替的最近兩屆雙年展都由瑞士策展人史澤曼(Harald Szeemann)擔任總監。他將第48屆命名為“對一切都開放”；第49屆稱為“人類之平臺”，表達出當代藝術向多元共生發展的必然趨勢。

威尼斯雙年展自創建以來一直是歐美為軸心的西方藝壇活動。在綠園中，見不到中國、印度、土耳其等亞洲大國以及非洲國家的國家館，反映了陳舊的國際政治版圖。到二次大戰結束後，雖然有一些新興的亞非和拉美國家加入，但由於中國與西方完全隔絕，仍一直置身於圈外。八十年代中國重新對外開放後，威尼斯政府曾向中國發出邀請。中國在1980年和1982年也曾兩度送展，但送出的是刺繡、剪紙之類工藝品。1997年，文化部曾將一個油畫展送往威尼斯，包括中央美術學院一些畫家和旅美畫家陳逸飛的作品。雖然也算是一次比較官方的活動，但並沒有被列入國家館的序列。

自1993年起，海內外的華人藝術家開始出現在威尼斯雙年展上，但他們都不是代表中國出展的。而是作為特別展覽或主題展的一部分，由西方策展人直接選擇邀請。

1995年，臺灣開始以臺北市立美術館的名義參加雙年展，一直延續到現在。陳水扁、馬英九等作為臺北市市長均曾前往參加開幕式。1999年第48屆威尼斯雙年展上，華人藝術家的參展達到了高峰。策展人史澤曼挑選了二十位元藝術家參加主題館，使華人成為雙年展上最大的藝術家族群。中國當代藝術的崛起及其表現力給人們留下了深刻的印象。2001年我在為臺灣《典藏》雜誌撰寫的文章中有一個小題目：既有“申奧”，何不“申威”？文中說：“最近以來，北京和臺北對申辦和參加奧運都表現了空前的積極性。人們相信並不排除雙方以某種形式並肩參加這一世界體壇競逐的可能性。中國、臺灣和香港在音樂、電影等其他的國際競逐中也都能找到相互認同的參與方式。那麼，為什麼在國際藝壇上不能這樣做呢？中國正式參加威尼斯雙年展，應該是對各方面都有利的。主要的障礙可能仍然在意識形態方面。但是實際上威尼斯也在不斷變化。雙年展中出現的並不是單一意識形態的東西。而大陸本身的文化空間也在增大。第三屆上海雙年展邀請國內外的當代藝術家就是一個例子。隨著時間的前進，不能說中國與威尼斯最終不會相遇。”

我在文中還預測了未來中國參加威尼斯雙年展的三種模式。

時間還不過兩年，中國政府現已向威尼斯雙年展組委會報名申請建立國家館。第五十屆雙年展中，將會第一次有一座中國藝術家的正式家園。


引用自：http://c.chinavisual.com/2008/08/21/c51941/p4.shtml

History of The Venice biennale

Recent years

1999
The new Biennale kicked off: the 48th International Art Exhibition APERTO Over All recovered the historical spaces of the Arsenale (Artiglierie, Isolotto, Tese, Gaggiandre). A new sector was created for live shows: DMT (Dance Music Theatre). From July to October, the Music sector proposed 21 concerts; from August to October the Theatre sector offered 14 shows; on 30th July, the Teatro Verde reopened with Parabola by Carolyn Carlson, and from September to October the Dance sector staged 13 events. From 1st to 11th September, the 56th Mostra del Cinema took place: the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement was awarded to Jerry Lewis.

2000
The Cinema sector presented an ample retrospective dedicated to the cinema of the Balkans, La meticcia di fuoco, held between 30th March and 16th April. Between August and September, as usual, the Mostra del Cinema was held, now at its 57th edition: Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement to Clint Eastwood. On 18th June, the 7th International Architecture Exhibition opened, tempting over 70,000 visitors to the exhibitions in the Giardini and Arsenale. The Dance Music Theatre sectors offered a dense calendar of events.

2001
A festival entitled Shakespeare & Shakespeare took place 2 to 8 March: all of the Biennale sectors were involved in this homage to the Shakespearian world. Othello, directed by Eimuntas Nekrosius, and Virus, by the dancer-choreographer Nigel Charnock, were premiered during the festival. Also in the program the screening of Indian films based on Shakespeare works and a series of presentations with artists whose work was inspired by the Bard, such as Peter Stein, Peter Greenaway, and Josef Svoboda. Activities from the Dance Music Theatre sectors were organised between 5th May and 6th October: world premieres, co-productions, international congresses, for a total of 45 shows plus repeats. Particular success was enjoyed by the special events in the Theatre sector, La pista e la scena (The Ring and the Stage), held on the mainland at the Parco della Bissuola in Mestre. On 9th June, official opening of the 49th International Art Exhibition Plateau of Humankind - which registered the largest participation of foreign countries in its history (63) and a record for the number of visitors (243,000) over the last 20 years. Between 29th August and 8th September the 58th Mostra del Cinema was held; this edition of the festival introduced the novelty of a double competition by placing the Lion of the Year alongside the traditional Golden Lion; Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement to Eric Rohmer.

2002
The Temps d'images Festival began on 10th February. Dedicated to the relationship between live performance, new forms of creativity, and television and cinematographic media, the festival also took place in Brussels and Paris. On 15th March, Carolyn Carlson presented her new show Waltz Thru Time. The Dance Music Theatre season started on 2nd May until 29th September. Franco Bernabè was appointed at the beginning of the year as the new President of the Biennale, along with the members of the Board, that are responsible for the planning of the activity in the period 2002-2005. The 59th Intl. Venice Film Festival, directed by Moritz de Hadeln, ran from 29th August until 8th September. The 8th International Architecture Exhibition Next, directed by Deyan Sudjic, took place from 8th September until 3rd November, receiving over 101,000 visitors.

2003
The International Art Exhibition presented its 50th edition: Dreams and Conflicts - The Dictatorship of the Viewer was the title chosen by director Francesco Bonami. The exhibition was open June 15 to November 2 and attracted the record number of 260,000 visitors. The public had the chance to meet a number of leading figures from the world of culture in over 120 presentations organized at the Arsenale by the Archive of the Contemporary-ASAC, directed by Giuliano da Empoli, and entitled 99-every idea but one and Tipping Point. The performing art sectors organized their programs reviving the formula of international festivals which are characteristic of the Venice Biennale's history: the 1st Intl. Dance Festival, directed by Frédéric Flamand, took place in June and July; the 47th Intl. Music Festival, directed by Uri Caine, in September; and the 35th Intl. Thetre Festival, directed by Peter Sellars, in October to November 1st. The 60th Intl. Venice Film Festival, directed by Moritz de Hadeln, ran from 27th August until 6th September. On December 23rd, the Italian Government approved the reform of the Biennale, presented by the Minister of Culture, which transformed the Biennale into a Foundation open to contributions from the private sector.

2004
On January 15 the Biennale was transformed into a foundation; in February, Davide Croff was appointed as new president. The 2004 events kicked off with the 2nd Intl. Festival of Contemporary Dance, directed by Karole Armitage, whose two sections ran in June and July. The 36th Intl. Theatre Festival, directed by Massimo Castri, ran September 15 - October 2, and the 48th Intl. Festival of Contemporary Music, directed by Giorgio Battistelli, took place October 14 to 23. Marco Müller was appointed as new director of the Cinema section, and the 61st Mostra Int.le d'Arte Cinematografica (Venice Film Festival) ran September 1-11: Mike Leigh's Vera Drake was awarded the Golden Lion for best film. The 9th Intl. Architecture Exhibition Metamorph, directed by Kurt W. Forster, ran September 12 to November 7 and attracted over 115,000 visitors.

2005
The first Venice Biennale event in 2005 was the 3rd Intl. Festival of Contemporary Dance, directed by Ismael Ivo and entitled Body Attack; the festival opened with an international symposium and a world premiere by The Forsythe Company on May 28-29, whereas the rest of the program ran June 8 to July 2. The 51st International Art Exhibition opened from June 12 to November 6, presenting two international exhibitions at the Giardini (The experience of art, directed by María de Corral) and at the Arsenale (Always a little further, directed by Rosa Martínez), 70 national participations and 30 collateral exhibitions. The 62nd Venice Film Festival, directed by Marco Müller, ran August 31 to September 10 (Golden Lion for best film to Ang Lee’s Brokeback Mountain); the 37th International Theatre Festival was directed by Romeo Castellucci and entitled Pompei – The romance of the Ash (September 15-25); the 49th Intl. Festival of Contemporary Music, directed by Giorgio Battistelli and entitled Music and its double, ran September 28 to October 9. From 9 to 12 December, Robert Storr curated an international symposium on contemporary art, entitled Where art worlds meet: Multiple modernities and the global salon.

2006
The Dragon and the Lion ran February 23 to 28, a short festival within the program of the Carnival of Venice. The event was curated by Maurizio Scaparro, the new director of the Theatre section, and was entirely dedicated to China. The 4th International Festival of Contemporary Dance ran June 8 to 25: Under Skin was the title chosen by director Ismael Ivo for his second edition as director. The Theatre section was back in July, from 21 to 30, with the 38th International Theatre Festival, Gozzi and Goldoni Europeans, directed by Maurizio Scaparro. The 50th International Festival of Contemporary Music, Va’ pensiero, ran September 20 to October 7, directed by Giorgio Battistelli. The Venice Film Festival reached edition no. 63, and ran August 30 to September 9: David Lynch was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement, whereas Jia Zhangke won the Golden Lion for Best Film with Sanxia Haoren (Still Life). The year 2006 came to an end with the 10th International Architecture Exhibition, Cities. Architecture and Society (September 10 to November 19), directed by Richard Burdett, which included a special section, City-Port, hosted in three exhibition venues in Palermo.

2007
The main event in 2007 was the 52nd International Art Exhibition, directed by Robert Storr. Entitled Think with the Senses - Feel with the mind. Art in the present tense, the exhibition attracted around 320,000 visitors in a 165-day opening period, which was the highest result in the last 25 years. Large attendances for the performing arts sections as well: the Dance festival, entitled Body & Eros, ran June 14-30; one of the shows, Felix Ruckert's Messiah Game, raised much controversy and the festival's organization was requested to cancel it, but in the end the show was regularly presented in the program. The Theatre festival was dedicated to Goldoni and the New Theatre and ran July 18-29; the Music festival was entitled Beyond the Line and ran October 4-13. The 64th Venice Film Festival ran August 29 to September 8: this was the 75th edition and awarded Ang Lee the Golden Lion for Se, Jie (Lust, Caution), Tim Burton the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement, and Bernardo Bertolucci the special Golden Lion of the 75th Anniversary.



2008
The first event in 2008 was the 6th International Festival of Contemporary Dance, Beauty, directed by Ismael Ivo; the festival ran June 14 to 28, and was very popular between dance lovers and critics alike. The 65th Venice Film Festival ran August 27 to September 6, directed for the fifth time by Marco Müller: Darren Aronofsky's The Wrestler won the Golden Lion. The 11th International Architecture Exhibition, titled Out There: Architecture Beyond Building, was open September 14 to November 23; the online competition Everyville, based on an idea by director Betsky, stirred much interest and the participation of 245 groups involving 782 university students from 48 countries. Luca Francesconi was appointed as director of the music section: the 52nd International Festival of Contemporary Music, Roots / Future, ran October 2 to 18. The events came to an end with the International Theatre Workshop, directed by Maurizio Scaparro and dedicated to the theme of the Mediterranean; running October 27 to November 29 around the idea of a construction site for art, the workshop was the first phase of a program that was completed by the 40th International Theatre Workshop the following year.

威尼斯雙年展_概述、各屆連結

威尼斯雙年展

概覽

威尼斯雙年展是全世界歷史最悠久的當代藝術大展，於1895年在綠園城堡(Gardini di Castello)舉辦第一次展覽。吸引了超過二十萬的觀賞人潮，自始便將焦距對準當代藝術，不收曾在義大利展出過的作品。參與方式計有官派（國家館）、邀請（主題展）、特別展（義大利館）及另有開放展（外圍展，於1980年設立）。頒發不同獎項：當代藝術貢獻金獅獎、國際威尼斯獎、國家館獎、榮譽獎、企業贊助獎等。

其中國家館形式展覽始自1907年，由主辦單位說服各國搭建自己的展覽館，許多建築都出自於名建築師之手。其操作方法是邀請各國參展，並以國家館爲單位推出各國最活躍、最有發展潛力的當代中青年藝術家作品。而官派藝術家制度，也漸漸演變成與鄰國、官方與民間政治之間的角力。

1930年雙年展由威尼斯市政府的管轄，改為市政府主辦，範圍也由展覽擴大至音樂、電影(1932)、戲劇(1934)、建築(1979)及詩歌。1916-1918、1944-1946曾因世界大戰而停止活動。

主辦
義大利政府

組織架構及策展制度
設有董事會，行政單位包括秘書長、監督委員、公共關係新聞組、節目策劃及檔案文件儲藏組等。董事會指定總策劃一人，下設專家小組，並設有五人國際評審團。

參加辦法
分為官派、邀請、特別展及開放展。（一）、官派（國家館）：策劃委員會接受總策劃人推薦後向各國發出邀請，各國需正式申請並經審核選出一位策展人及代表藝術家（人數不限），參加國需自行負責運輸、保險及裝卸展。（二）、邀請（主題展）：由義大利當局邀請藝術家，總策劃人呈遞藝術家的資格及作品內容，大會將負責藝術家所有的作業包括運輸及保險等。（此區相當於總策劃人的欽點，被邀請的藝術家通常是現今在藝壇上有絕對影響力之人）。（三）、特別展（義大利館）：依展覽主題特別規劃，年輕藝術家與國際大師作品並列同台，觀者可同時看到藝術發展

獎項
頒發五個獎：當代藝術貢獻金獅獎、國際威尼斯獎、國家館獎、2000年大獎、榮譽獎、企業贊助獎等。

成立年份
1895

舉辦年份
1895, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009

網站
http://www.labiennale.org/en/index.html


引用：http://www.aaa.org.hk/onlineprojects/bitri/zh/overview.aspx?id=A023

威尼斯雙年展_1997 (47th)_宗旨、介紹

應該是1997年文章

威尼斯雙年展（Venice Biennale）

宗旨、經過：1893年，威尼斯一群鼓勵藝術創作、熱衷於幫助藝術家開拓市場的知識分子發起藝術雙年展之構想，於1895年在綠園城堡（Gardini di Castello）舉辦第一屆美展，出乎意料的，參觀者達20萬人以上。威尼斯雙年展自始便堅持行政獨立並將焦距對準新藝術，不收曾在義大利展出過的作品。

1907年，主辦單位說服參展國搭建各國展覽館，之後參加國展出時都在原有的建築上變化設計展出空間，到現在為止已有27個展覽館，不少建築設計出自名建築師之手。1930年，主辦機構從威尼斯市政府的管轄領域改為政府官辦，展覽的範圍也擴大到音樂、電影、戲劇、詩歌。1932年威尼斯舉辦首次國際影展；1934年第一屆戲劇節成立；1979年開始第一屆建築展。1916-1918，1944-1946年間因世界大戰而停止活動。

第47屆（1997）雙年展重點無異於過去，在於展示各國當前五大洲四大洋中美術線上最尖端之新銳；以義大利館為中心；本屆主題為"未來、現在、過去"。 1907年，主辦單位說服參展國搭建各國展覽館，之後參加國展出時都在原有的建築上變化設計展出空間，到現在為止已有27個展覽館，不少建築設計出自名建築師之手。1930年，主辦機構從威尼斯市政府的管轄領域改為政府官辦，展覽的範圍也擴大到音樂、電影、戲劇、詩歌。1932年威尼斯舉辦首次國際影展；1934年第一屆戲劇節成立；1979年開始第一屆建築展。1916-1918，1944-1946年間因世界大戰而停止活動。

主辦單位：義大利政府，設有十六人之董事會，一位秘書長，五人之監督委會，下設公共關係及新聞組，行政組，節目企劃組，作品檔案文件儲藏組。

聯絡地址：LA BIENNALE DI VENEZIA-Ente Autonom-30124 Venezia- S. Marco Ca' Giustinian, Italy Fax: 39-41-520-4163 Tel: 39-41-521-8711

經費預算：約1600萬美元

藝術總策劃人：董事會指定,按慣例，總策劃人皆有重要美術館館長之經驗或領銜國際之藝評人背景。第47屆（1997年）為將"貧窮藝術"派（Arte Povera）捧紅的藝評家塞倫提（Germano Celent）。下設專家小組：義大利藝術家Carla Accardi，義大利Castello di Rivoli當代美術館館長Ida Gianelli，丹麥路易斯安娜現代美術館館長Lars Nittve（瑞典人），惠特尼美術館館長羅斯（David Anthony Ross），倫敦泰德（Tate Gallery）美術館館長塞洛塔（Nicholas Serota）。
評審團：國際重要美術史家、美術館館長、藝評家等五人左右。第47屆為：德國Kunst-Werke館館長Klaus Biesenbach，義大利美術史家Maurizio Calvesi，紐約古根漢美術館館長Thomas Krens，法國Ville de Paris現代美術館館長Suzanne Page，紐約MOMA繪畫雕刻館館長Kirk Varnedoe。

參加辦法：分三類：(1)官方派遣之藝術家；(2)義大利館邀請之藝術家；(3)特別展；(4)大會監督下之主動提議（註十六）

國家館展區：（1997年）以綠園城堡（Castello Gardens）為主要展區，有義大利、瑞士、美國、法國等31個國家館。另外有會外租借場地，使用國家有中華民國台灣、拉丁美洲的16個國家及愛爾蘭、葡萄牙等國。

主題展區：此區（介於義大利館和Corderie間）藝術策劃相當於威尼斯大會總藝術策展人之親筆簽名或特別演出，其美術專業和智慧眼光將受全世矚目。本屆被邀請參展者皆是未來、現在、過去從1967年到1997年在藝壇上風雲一世、對藝術千變萬化有絕對影響力的藝壇巨人，共75位。

特別展：二十多位年輕藝術家首次在威尼斯登台亮相，他們與國際藝術大師作品並排陳列，以便觀眾可左顧右盼藝術發展之軌跡。

開放展：Aperto，開放展是展出最有生氣、前衛的藝術專用場所，於1980年設立，第46屆時讓‧克萊爾Jean Clare（法國畢卡索美術館館長）任總策劃時曾遭取消，後於47屆時恢復。

目錄：出版三冊一套，頁數1500，售價18000里拉。（1762里拉=1美元）
展期：（1997年）六月15日至11月日
下屆展期：1999或2000年

授獎：第47屆雙年展（1997）大會共頒發五種獎：
當代藝術貢獻金獅獎：兩名， 獎金各兩千五百萬里拉，獎賞對當代藝術貢獻卓越並已蠻聲國際的重量級藝術家。得獎者為艾尼絲。馬丁（Agnes Martin）、誒米留。威斗瓦（Emilio Vedova）。
國際威尼斯獎：兩名，獎金各兩千五百萬里拉，給藝術造詣達成熟階段、將形成未來主力值得肯定的藝術家。所有參加者皆有資格。得獎者為馬利那‧阿佈摩微克（Marina Ambramovic）、葛哈特‧瑞克特（Gerhard Richter）。

評審團評語：阿佈摩微克在過去25年藝術旅程中一直在尋求革新，把經驗轉化入當代富有創新精神的表演藝術中。而瑞克特則是：一位年輕、經豐富的藝術家，作品將給二十世紀留下永遠印象。

國家館獎：一國。得獎者-法國。評語：展覽館不再是一件獨立完整的作品，而表現出一向外擴張、超越藝術領域的心觀念。

2000年獎：三名，給40歲以下、作品發揮高度創造力之新秀。
得獎者－道格拉斯．歌登（Douglas Gordon）、皮皮洛悌．瑞斯特（Pipilotti Rist）、瑞琦爾．懷瑞德（Richel Whiteread）。

評審團評語：歌登-平凡無奇中的作品中流露令人激動的感情；瑞德-以記憶出發，深入古典造型層次，蘊含嘲諷和動人心弦的力量；瑞斯特-熟練運用視聽媒體表現嶄新的感性，觀眾必需以嶄新眼光對待之。

榮譽獎：四名，得大會褒獎，無獎金。得獎者：森萬里、尹重康Marie-Ange Guilleminot、Thierry De Cordier。

企業贊助獎：威尼斯儲蓄銀行基金會特別獎（以兩萬美元購買得獎者展品一件作為大會之典藏品）；日本本尼斯企業獎（贈送兩百萬日幣）；一利咖啡獎。（贈送兩千五百萬里拉）


引用：http://web.cca.gov.tw/Culture/Arts2/index02.htm